Clan Donald Magazine No13 (1995) Online
The Clan Donald and the
Forty-Five by the Editor
It is
a well-known fact that when Prince Charles Edward landed in Scotland
in 1745 with only
seven companions - the seven men of Moidart - even the most
ardent Jacobites
among the Highland chiefs received the news with dismay and
hoped that he
could be persuaded to return to France until a more favourable
opportunity and
the assurance of military support from France presented itself. It
soon became
clear, however, that the ambitious and strong-willed young prince
was adamant and
that any attempts to persuade him otherwise would meet with
failure.
Of
the seven companions who landed with the Prince, two were members of
Clan Donald - Sir
John MacDonald, or MacDonnell, an Irish cavalry officer in
the French Army
and Aeneas MacDonald, a Paris banker and brother of Donald
MacDonald of
Kinlochmoidart. The others were William Murray, Marquis of
Tullibardine,
regarded by the Jacobites as the Duke of Atholl, three more
Irishmen, Sir
Thomas Sheridan, Colonel John William O'Sullivan and George Kelly, a
Protestant clergyman, and an Englishman, Colonel Francis Strickland.
They
had set sail from France on 5th July, 1745 on board the du Teillay
and after
an encounter with a
British man-of war, the Lion, on 9th July, in which the
Elizabeth, the
accompanying ship was severely damaged and forced to return to
Brest, arrived
off the Isle of Eriskay, in the Outer Hebrides, on 23rd July. The
Prince landed in
Eriskay on the beach which has since borne the name Coilleag
a'
Phrionnsa - the
Princes's Strand. Above this beach is a pink convolvulus which
the Prince is
said to have planted at the time to commemorate his arrival. This
plant grows only in Eriskay in spite of attempts to grow it
elsewhere. That night
it rained heavily while
the Prince and his companions sheltered in the rude
dwelling of Angus
MacDonald, the tacksman of the island. The fire being set in the
middle of the room and a hole in the roof acting as a chimney, the
normal
custom in the Isles,
the room soon became filled with smoke which caused the
Prince to go
out for fresh
air; which amazed his host who took him, to task for being
so fidgety.
Having spent the night in Eriskay, the Prince returned to the du
Teillay
the following morning.
Learning that Clanranald was in South Uist with his
brother, Boisdale
and that Young Clanranald was in Moidart on the mainland, a
messenger was sent requesting an interview with Boisdale who soon
after came on board. Boisdale, who was known to exercise great
influence over his brother and chief, Clanranald, flatly refused to
offer any assistance to the Prince and
advised him to
go home. "I am come home, sir" said Charles, but try as he may
he was unable to
persuade Boisdale to change his mind.
When
Charles mentioned
Sir Alexander MacDonald
of Sleat and MacLeod of Dunvegan as chiefs upon
whom he could
depend to bring twelve hundred broadswords to the field,
Boisdale gave
him the unwelcome news that these chiefs had not only resolved
not to support a
rising but might be found to act against it. Charles, although
bitterly disappointed at Boisdale's attitude, persisted in his plan
and sent a messenger to Sir Alexander MacDonald while Aeneas
MacDonald set out for the mainland to inform his brother,
Kinlochmoidart, of the Prince's arrival.
The
following day, 25th July, the du Teillay, having sailed across the
Minch, anchored in Loch nan Uamh, opposite the house of Angus
MacDonald of Borrodale, Alexander MacDonald of Boisdale having
returned home with the intention of preventing his brother and the
Uist men from becoming involved. The
following day,
Kinlochmoidart arrived to pay his respects to the Prince who made
him a Colonel and A.D.C., and sent him south to summon John Murray
of Broughton, James Drummond, the Jacobite Duke of Perth and
Lochiel. The Prince remained in the neighbourhood of Borrodale for a
fortnight until 10th August during which time there was much
activity. Among those who arrived to greet him were Ranald
MacDonald, Younger
of Clanranald,
Alexander MacDonald of Glenaladale, Kinlochmoidart's brothers, Allan
and Ranald, Angus MacDonald of Dalelea and the Clanranald Chronicler
of the Lochart Papers who was almost certainly Dalelea's brother
Alexander, Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, the famous bard. It has
been said that Hugh MacDonald of Armadale, step-father of the
celebrated Flora MacDonald also paid his respects to the Prince at
Borrodale.
Charles and Young Clanranald spent three hours together in the
Prince's cabin in private discussion during which the Young
Chevalier succeeded in winning over the young chief to his point of
view, for after they broke up, the latter, accompanied by
Kinlochmoidart's brother, Allan, immediately set out for Skye to
summon Sir Alexander MacDonald of Sleat and Norman MacLeod of
Dunvegan, the original messenger sent from Eriskay having returned
without any reply from these chiefs. Glenaladale was instructed to
assemble a body of Clanranald's clansmen to act as a bodyguard for
the Prince. There followed a constant stream of visitors among whom
were Donald MacDonell of Scotus, representing Glengarry, Alexander
MacDonell of Keppoch, Alexander MacDonald of Glencoe and Morar's
brother, Hugh MacDonald, Bishop of Diana and Vicar Apostolic of the
Highland district. All implored the Prince to abandon the enterprise
and return to France but he refused, even when Young Clanranald
returned with the unwelcome news that Sir Alexander MacDonald and
Norman MacLeod had, like Boisdale, declined their support.
Their decision
has
often been regarded as
a wise one in that their properties and people were spared from the
atrocities and devastation committed by the Duke of Cumberland's
army after Culloden but the very fact of their failure to rise not
only deprived the Prince of a very large body of men but gave a
great psychological boost to the efforts of the Lord President,
Duncan Forbes of Culloden, to prevent as many as possible of the
chiefs with Jacobite sympathies from bringing out their clansmen.
Sir Alexander's behaviour can also be justified in at least one
other respect, in that his agreement to raise his clan was
conditional on the arrival of a substantial French force but MacLeod
had pledged himself to bring out his men regardless of such support
and he not only failed to keep his promise but took steps to inform
the Lord President of the Prince's arrival.
The
deadlock was broken when Young Clanranald suddenly decided to raise
his clan. Whether this was due to the well-known incident described
by Hume in his history that while the discussions were taking place,
the Prince turned to "young Ranald MacDonald, a brother of Kinloch
Moidart" and exclaimed, "will you not assist me?" "I will! I will!"
cried Ranald, "though no other man in the Highlands should draw his
sword I am ready to die for you!" cannot now be ascertained. The
incident has not been recorded in any of the existing
accounts by
eye-witnesses and it is worthy of mention that Ranald MacDonald,
brother of Kinlochmoidart, had received from Clanranald, in 1730, a
tack of Daliburgh in South Uist and could hardly, therefore, have
been a young man in 1745.
Lochiel sent his brother, Dr. Archibald Cameron to urge the Prince
to return but Charles then despatched Scotus to Achnacarry "to
persuade Lochiel to do his duty." Lochiel obeyed the summons and
after failing to persuade the Prince to change his mind agreed to
raise his clan on condition that Charles gave security
for the full
value of his estate should the attempt prove abortive and on
Glengarry
undertaking, in writing
to raise his clan, which he did, under command of his
second son,
Angus, and his cousin Lochgarry. Lochiel's conditions for raising
his
clan may have been
prudent but the Clan Donald chiefs made no such stipulation.
The
die was then cast and arrangements were made to raise the Standard
of
King James VIII at
Glenfinnan on Monday, 19th August. On 11th August the
Prince and his
party with their baggage and artillery left Borrodale by sea for
Kinlochmoidart
while his bodyguard of fifty of Clanranald's men marched by the
shore route. The
sea party having reached Glenuig, landed in the midst of an
enthusiastic crowd of local people who insisted on dancing a
spirited reel in the
Prince's honour, which
has since been known as the Eight Men of
Moidart.
From
Glenuig they
walked to
Caolas
and continued
their journey by sea to Kinlochmoidart
House where the
Prince remained until 17th August. Meanwhile, on 14th August,
Captain
Sweetenham of Guise's regiment, who commanded the garrison at
Ruthven
Barracks, was taken in ambush by a
party of
Glengarry's men commanded
by Donald
MacDonell of Lochgarry, at the head of the Corryarrack Pass, while
on his way to
take command at Fort William.
On
16th August, the first outbreak
of hostilities
occurred when Donald MacDonell of
Tirnadris, under
orders from
Keppoch, his chief, with
a party of only eleven men and a piper, succeeded by
stratagem in
preventing two companies of the 1st Royal Regiment of Foot (now
the Royal Scots)
from crossing the High Bridge over the River Spean on their way to
reinforce the garrison of Fort William. The baffled regulars were
obliged to
retreat, followed by
Keppoch and Tirnadris with a gradually increasing number
of their clansmen
at a discreet distance, until their route was blocked at Laggan
Achadrome by a
body of Glengarry's men and after a short engagement in which the
redcoats
sustained several
casualties, their commanding officer,
Captain Scott
agreed to Keppoch's
demand for their surrender.
On
18th August the Prince and his party, now joined by Murray of
Broughton
marched to Dalelea and
travelled by boat up Loch Shiel to Glenaladale where they
were met by John
Gordon of Glenbuchat, "Old Glenbucket," Glengarry's father-in-law,
who presented the Prince with his first prisoner, Captain Sweetenham,
captured four
days previously by Glenbuchat's other son-in-law, Lochgarry.
From
Glenaladale, the Prince with his party and bodyguard continued their
journey by boat up Loch Shiel to Glenfinnan where they were met by
Allan MacDonald of Morar with a further 150 Clanranald men. It was,
however, a disappointing scene, Charles having envisaged a great
gathering of the clans
awaiting him when in
fact he had found only the additional 150 Clanranald men
and a few humble
people of the district there to greet him. Then, in the afternoon,
19th August, the
sound of bagpipes was heard in the distance and a dark mass of
men was seen
approaching them from the neighbouring hills. As the party drew
nearer it soon
became clear that it consisted of two marching columns of fully-armed
Highlanders with Lochiel at their head and a body of unarmed
Hanoverian
soldiers between them -
being the prisoners taken by Keppoch and his men, three
days before. Some
time later, Keppoch arrived with 300 clansmen.
The
Prince
was presented by
Tirnadris with Captain Scott's fine white gelding. Charles now had
over 1200 men and the Royal Standard was then displayed on a
carefully chosen eminence by Tullibardine, the de jure Duke of
Atholl. Thereafter the Standard is said to have been given into the
safe keeping of Keppoch's brother Donald. There was now no turning
back, the Forty-Five had begun.
On
26th August, the Prince spent the night at Invergarry Castle,
guarded by a party of Glengarry's men under the command of Lochgarry
(Glengarry having already gone to Atholl, it is said, for the dual
purpose of taking advice from the
de facto Duke
and misleading the authorities) and the following day the army was
augmented at Aberchalder by more of Glengarry's men from Knoydart
and North Morar under Scotus and Coll MacDonell of Barrisdale, and
his son Archibald, making 400 in all. The MacDonalds of Glencoe, or
at least a contingent of them and the Grants of Glenmoriston also
joined the army at this juncture but according to Murray of
Broughton, who was present, some of Keppoch's men deserted on
account of a private quarrel with Keppoch, their Chief, who, being a
strict Protestant had not thought it prudent that their Priest
should accompany them.
On
4th September, the Prince and his army entered Perth where they
remained until the 10th of that month. On the evening of their
arrival Keppoch and Young Clanranald were despatched by Charles with
a foraging party around 450 strong to Dundee which they entered the
following morning and reached the harbour without opposition, where
they captured two vessels containing arms and ammunition which were
sent to the Prince. They left the town eight or nine days later
after having proclaimed King James VIII and collected some public
money.
Lord
George Murray and the Duke of Perth were appointed Lieutenant
Generals, O'Sullivan, Quarter-Master-General and Sir John MacDonald,
an ex-officer of Caribineers, Inspector of Cavalry.
On
12th September the army camped in the park of Keir between Dunblane
and Bridge of Allan and the following morning, now strengthened by
reinforcements brought by the Duke of Perth, the Clan Donnachaidh
(i.e. the Robertsons), some detachments of MacGregors and a further
60 Glencoe MacDonalds, marched to Doune and then swung southwards to
cross the River Forth at the Fords of Frew.
On
16th September the army marched through Winchburgh and Kirkliston on
its route towards Edinburgh and halted for two hours by the mansion
of Tods Hall (now Fox Hall) on the River Almond. Nearby lay the
house of Newliston, one of the country seats of the Earl of Stair,
whose grandfather had been responsible for the Massacre of Glencoe
in 1692. Now, by a strange coincidence, according to tradition, the
grandson of the murdered Chief with his clansmen were observed by
the Prince to be close by the house and in order to prevent any act
of revenge which might bring discredit upon his army, proposed that
the Glencoe men should be kept at a distance from the house. The
proposal was received by Maclain with the greatest indignation as a
reflection upon him and his clan's honour and declared that if they
were considered so dishonourable as to take revenge on an innocent
man, they were not fit to remain with honourable men, nor to support
an honourable cause and that if it was implemented he and his
clansmen would immediately return home. The Prince, realising that
he had made a misjudgement of Highland character, instantly
rescinded his instructions and instead, to pacify the indignant
chief, ordered the Glencoe men to mount guard over the Earl of
Stair's house during the halt.
During the night of 16th September a deputation was sent by the
magistrates of the city of Edinburgh to the Prince at Slateford to
ask for time to consider his demand for the city's surrender. The
Prince, aware that the ships carrying General Cope's army had
reached Dunbar and suspecting the magistrates of try ing to delay
matters, refused their request and after their departure, sent a
party of 900 mainly Camerons and MacDonalds under Lochiel,
Glenaladale, Lochgarry and Tirnadris with Murray of Broughton, who
knew Edinburgh well, as guide, to capture the city, which they were
able toaccomplish, by gainingentry through the Netherbow Gate, which
had been opened to allow the exit of the carriage in which the
deputation to the Prince had returned, to the stables in the
Canongate, without a shot being fired.
When
the army was encamped at Duddingston prior to their march, to meet
Cope, the Prince consulted the chiefs regarding the probable
behaviour of their men when opposed to regular troops. Keppoch was
requested to reply on their behalf and quickly assured the Prince
that he need have no fear for although few of the men had been in
battle before he was confident that from love of the cause in which
they were engaged and from the affection they bore their chiefs,
they would not fail to follow their leaders when ordered to do so.
The
Jacobite Army met Cope's Hanoverians at Prestonpans, or Gladsmuir,
as the Jacobites preferred to call the battle, on 21st September.
Cope's army consisted of 2572 men of which 567 were cavalry. The
Jacobite Army has been estimated at 2550 men of which 50 were
cavalry. The two sides were therefore roughly equal in number with
the exception of Cope's vast superiority in cavalry, although this
proved to be of no advantage in the ensuing conflict. The four Clan
Donald regiments of Clanranald, Glengarry, Keppoch and Glencoe, who
formed the right wing of the front line of the Prince's Army,
consisted of between 950 and 1000 men, more than one third of the
total. Taken almost unawares in the early morning, Cope's Army, when
met by the Highland charge of the Jacobite front line, gave way and
the cavalry with their general fled.The action was over in seven or
eight minutes
during which the
Highlanders did much execution. Seldom in the annals of war has
there been so signal a victory. Among those killed was Keppoch's
brother, Archibald and Angus MacDonald of Achtriachtan, who
commanded the Glencoe regiment but the bulk of the casualties were
on the Hanoverian side. It is possible that sometime after the
battle, prior to the march into England that the Glencoe men, on
account of the smallness of their number, were merged into Keppoch's
regiment.
On
the retreat from Derby, the Glengarry Regiment under the command of
Lochgarry, along with the MacPherson and Appin Regiments formed the
rearguard of the Jacobite Army, which, under the command of Lord
George Murray, repulsed a strong body of Cumberland's dragoons at
Clifton near Penrith on 18th December.
The
Prince, with the Army, marched north from Carlisle on 20th December
leaving a garrison in the town and castle. Among those left at
Carlisle was Keppoch's unruly nephew, Captain Donald MacDonell of
Corriechoille who was taken prisoner when the town fell to
Cumberland and later sent south for execution on Kennington Common,
on 22nd August, 1746.
At
the Battle of Falkirk, fought on 17th January, 1746, the Clan Donald
regiments of Clanranald, Glengarry and Keppoch, the last of which
included the Glencoe men, consisting of 1800 men or more, formed the
right wing of the front line of the Jacobite Army of around 8,250,
of which 740 were cavalry. The Hanoverian Army under General Hawley
has been estimated at between 8000 and 9000 men, including three
regiments of cavalry. Once again the men of Clan Donald
distinguished themselves and but for the adverse weather conditions,
the Prince's Army would probably have repeated their success at
Prestonpans. As it was they had to settle for a modest victory,
Hawley's army having been able to retreat with moderate casualties.
Young
Clanranald narrowly escaped death when he was pinned to the ground
by the carcase of a dead horse but was fortunately rescued by a
clansman who, after a successful struggle with a dismounted dragoon
whom he eventually despatched, came to his assistance.
Tirnadris, the hero of the action at High Bridge, however, was not
so fortunate. In his enthusiasm to pursue the enemy, he became
separated from the Keppoch Regiment and on his return, due to the
poor light, mistook a body of Barrel's Regiment for Lord John
Drummond's Regiment and the French picquets, which
he boldly
approached and questioned their inaction. Having discovered his
mistake when it was too late to withdraw, he unsuccessfully
attempted to pass himself off as a Campbell but being recognised and
taken prisoner, was sent first to Edinburgh Castle and later
transferred to Carlisle Castle from which he was taken, along with
the gallant Kinlochmoidart, who had already been captured at
Lesmahagow, for execution on 18th October, 1746 at Harraby, about a
mile from Carlisle and their heads exhibited on the Scotch Gate of
the town.
Unfortunately the "Long hall" in the inner ward of Carlisle Castle
wherein the Jacobite prisoners were confined in 1746 was demolished
prior to 1827 and no description or measurements of the original
building were ever recorded.
A
further serious misfortune was the accidental shooting of young
Angus MacDonell of Glengarry in the streets of Falkirk, on 19th
January, at the hands of one of Clanranald's men who had as part of
his
share of spoil, an
enemy musket which had been loaded with a double charge. The man
extracted one of the balls and thinking that the weapon then
contained powder only, fired through a window into the street to
clear the barrel. Unfortunately the un-extracted
ball struck Young Glengarry who was engaged in conversation in the
street and he fell mortally wounded. Nothing would appease the
Glengarry men than the instant execution of the culprit and Young
Clanranald, in order to prevent a feud between the Glengarry men and
his own, reluctantly agreed that the poor man be shot. The carrying
out of this sentence did not, however, prevent the immediate
desertion of some of the Glengarry men.
Early
in March, 1746 the Prince sent a strong force from Inverness under
Brigadier Stapleton to attack Fort Augustus. This force included
Lochiel and Keppoch with their clans and after a two day siege, the
fort was taken. They then proceeded to Fort William with the same
intention but were unsuccessful. Keppoch and Lochiel were preparing
to take reprisals against the Campbells who, in their absence, had
attacked their undefended lands, "burning houses, stripping women
and children and exposing them in the open field to the severity of
the weather, houghing cattle and killing horses" and they hoped "to
prevail upon his Highness to hang a Campbell for every house that
will hereafter be burned by them." The approach of Cumberland,
however, made it necessary for the Prince to summon their recall.
While
Keppoch and Lochiel were in Lochaber, a large force under the Earl
of Cromartie which included the Clanranald Regiment and the two
battalions of the Glengarry Regiment (the largest in the Army) under
Lochgarry and Barrisdale respectively pursued Lord Loudon's force
north into Sutherland where it was dispersed.
The
three Clan Donald regiments of Clanranald, Glengarry and Keppoch,
including the Glencoe men but excluding Barrisdale's battalion,
which had not yet returned from Sutherland, took part in the
abortive night march to Nairn on 15th April, in an attempt to
surprise the army of Cumberland while celebrating their general's
birthday. The march took longer than expected and with the approach
of daylight and the element of surprise being lost, Lord George
Murray and the other leaders at the front decided to retreat to
their starting ground on Culloden Moor. This serious miscalculation
by Lord George Murray, the originator of the night attack, regarding
the time required to complete the march and the resulting exhaustion
suffered by those who took part in it must have greatly affected the
condition and morale of the Highlanders prior to the battle of
Culloden which was fought a few hours later.
At
Culloden, just about everything that could have gone wrong for the
Prince and his army did so. The ground which had been chosen by
O'Sullivan was totally
unsuitable, being open
moorland with much marsh and no high ground from which to mount the
accustomed Highland charge. In addition to the poor state of the
men, the Jacobites were outnumbered almost two to one and were
without effective cavalry or artillery. Many of their men were still
in the north and other units would not arrive in time to take part.
Lord George Murray had disapproved of the choice of ground yet,
uncharacteristically, on this occasion, had accepted the decision to
fight.
He
had also demanded that the place of honour, formerly held by the
Clan Donald regiments, on the right wing of the front line should be
given to the Atholl Brigade, raised mainly from his own family
estates, which had previously throughout the campaign been placed in
the second line along with the other less reliable units. This
naturally displeased the MacDonalds who claimed the position as
their right, granted to them by Robert Bruce for their valour at
Bannockburn and their leaders protested vigorously to the Prince but
Charles, in order to avoid further friction with Lord George asked
them to agree for his sake which they reluctantly did. The Clan
Donald regiments, therefore, formed the left wing of the front line
that day.
There is no truth in the statement by Lord Elcho that the MacDonalds
went off the field without firing a shot nor in those of the
nineteenth century writers that Keppoch alone rushed forward while
his Clan refused to follow. Eyewitness accounts make it clear that
Keppoch and his brother Donald were both killed or mortally-wounded
in the advance of the MacDonalds who had much further to go, over
boggy ground, to reach the Hanoverian line than the Jacobite right
wing. All three Clan Donald regiments suffered heavy casualties.
Scotus fell with his Lieutenant, Ensign, Sergeant, Corporal and
eighteen privates all killed where they stood, in the Glengarry
regiment alone. When the Jacobite right wing was repulsed, the
MacDonalds on the left had no option but to join in the general
retreat or be outflanked and cut off.
After
the battle, the ancestral lands of Clanranald, Glengarry, Keppoch
and Glencoe were pillaged and burnt by Butcher Cumberland's men and
few reprisals were taken against them due to the disorganised state
of the loyal clans once the Prince had decided not to continue the
war. One exception was Lochgarry, who refused to give up hope of
continuing hostilities but after holding out for a time with a small
band of followers, he too was forced to abandon his activities and
seek exile on the Continent.
The
Prince found his way to Borrodale and with Clan Donald help reached
South Uist where he found safety fora time with Clanranald's people
until he made his famous crossing, disguised as Betty Burke, with
Flora MacDonald and Neil MacEachen, father of Napoleon's Marshal
MacDonald, Duke of Tarentum, to Skye. It was Flora's step-father
Hugh MacDonald of Armadale who suggested the Betty Burke disguise
and while the commander of one of the Independent Companies,
supposedly searching for the Prince, turned a blind eye to the
Prince's escape. Indeed, although he was not at home but at Fort
Augustus with Cumberland when the Prince landed near his house of
Mugstot, Sir Alexander MacDonald was under suspicion by the
Hanoverian authorities for his failure to pursue vigorously the
search for the Prince and it is clear that his inaction contributed
to the Prince's eventual escape to France.
When
the Stewarts were on the throne Clan Donald was seldom in their
favour and lost much in attempting to maintain its leading position
in the Western Highlands and Isles, yet when these princes were in
exile it was involved in every attempt to restore them.
Sources include:
A
Memoir of the Forty-Five, by The Chevalier de Johnslone, ed. by
Brian Rawson
(1970 ed.)
A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland by David, Lord Elcho, ed.
by the Hon. Evan Charteris (1907)
History of the Rebellion of 1745, by Robert Chambers (1869 ed.)
Itinerary of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, by W.B. Blaikie (1897)
Memorials of John Murray of Broughton, ed. by R. Fitzroy Bell (1898)
Muster Roll of Prince Charles Edward Stuart's Army, ed. by the 1745
Association (1984)
Sketches of the
Highlanders of Scotland, by Colonel David Stewart of Garth (1822)
The Clan Donald, by the Revs. A. & A. MacDonald (1896-1904)
The Clan Ranald of Knoydart and Glengarry, by Norman H. MacDonald
(1979)
The Clan Ranald of Lochaber by Norman H. MacDonald (1971)
The Life and Adventures of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, by W.
Drummond Norie (1903-4)
The Lyon in Mourning, coll. by Bishop Robert Forbes, ed. by Henry
Paton (1896)
The While Cockade, by The Baron Porcelli (1948)
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